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Carbonaceous aerosols account for 20–50% of total fine particulate matter (PM2.5, particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) mass concentration in polluted urban atmospheres and can affect atmospheric chemistry, air quality, environmental health and Earth’s radiation balance [1]. Bulk carbonaceous aerosol is usually divided into subfractions such as organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) or elemental carbon (EC) [1]. OC is either directly emitted into the atmosphere as primary OC (POC) or formed via gas-to-particle conversion as secondary OC (SOC) [1]. EC arises almost exclusively from incomplete fossil-fuel combustion or biomass burning [1]. Recent studies have revealed that, in addition to secondary inorganic aerosol [e.g. (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and NH4HSO4], secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important, or sometimes even the dominant, contributor to PM2.5 during severe haze episodes in China [2].

New insights into the sources and formation of carbonaceous aerosols in China: potential applications of dual-carbon isotopes