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it occurs, on leaf gas exchange remains to be determined for temperate deciduous trees growing at CO 2 concentraLeaf stomatal density and index of Ginkgo biloba L. tions above present, although two previous studies have were both significantly (P<0.05) reduced after 3 years indicated the potential for such eVects. Woodward and growth at elevated CO 2 (560 ppm), with values com- Bazzaz (1988) noted correlations between stomatal denparable to those of cuticles prepared from Triassic sity and net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and Jurassic fossil Ginkgo leaves thought to have ( g s ) for tree and shrub species growing at CO 2 concentradeveloped in the high CO 2 ‘greenhouse world’ of the tions between 225 and 340 ppm, whilst Berryman et al. Mesozoic. A reciprocal transfer experiment indicated (1994) reported that at 700 ppm CO 2 the tropical trees that reductions in stomatal density and index irrevers- Maranthes corymbosa and Eucalyptus tetrodonta showed ibly reduced stomatal conductance, particularly at low an irreversible reduction in maximum g s , as a consequence leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficits and low internal of lower stomatal densities. The results reported here are leaf CO 2 concentrations (C i ). These effects probably from a 3 year CO 2 enrichment (560 ppm) experiment contributed to the high water-use efficiency of Ginkgo investigating the stomatal and gas exchange responses of spp. in the Mesozoic relative to those of the present, the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba L., an ancient taxon as determined from carbon isotope measurements of described by Darwin as a ‘living fossil’ and now widely extant and fossil cuticles. planted as an ornamental species in municipal gardens ( Tralau, 1968). Experimental results are compared with

Stomatal responses of the 'living fossil' Ginkgo biloba L. to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations