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Unblocked fleas can transmit Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, shortly (≤4 d) after taking an infectious bloodmeal. Investigators have measured so-called early-phase transmission (EPT) efficiency in various fleas following infection with highly bacteremic blood (≥10 8  cfu/ml). To date, no one has determined the lower limit of bacteremia required for fleas to acquire and transmit infection by EPT, though knowing this threshold is central to determining the length of time a host may be infectious to feeding fleas. Here, we evaluate the ability of Oropsylla montana (Baker) to acquire and transmit Y. pestis after feeding on blood containing 10 3 to 10 9  cfu/ml. We evaluated the resulting infection prevalence, bacterial loads, and transmission efficiency within the early-phase time period at 1 d postinfection. Fleas acquired infection from bacteremic blood across a wide range of concentrations, but transmission was observed only when fleas ingested highly bacteremic blood.

journal of medical entomology

Infection Prevalence, Bacterial Loads, and Transmission Efficiency in<i>Oropsylla montana</i>(Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) One Day After Exposure to Varying Concentrations of<i>Yersinia pestis</i>in Blood

Infection Prevalence, Bacterial Loads, and Transmission Efficiency inOropsylla montana(Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) One Day After Exposure to Varying Concentrations ofYersinia pestisin Blood