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Background We examined the trend in prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) cervical infection among Rwandan women living with HIV (WLWH) over 12 years. Methods Prevalence of cervical hrHPV DNA was measured in 3 studies at 3 different time periods in 3 different groups of WLWH using 3 different but comparable hrHPV tests: a MY09/MY11 PCR test in 2005 (RWISA; n = 497), careHPV in 2009–2010 (HPV Demonstration; n = 1242), and Xpert HPV test in 2016–2018 (U54; n = 4734). Prevalences were adjusted for age and CD4 cell count. Results HrHPV prevalence decreased over time from 42.5% to 32.2% to 26.5% (P &amp;lt; .001). CD4 cell counts improved over time (Ptrend &amp;lt;.001) so that the percentage of WLWH with CD4 counts of ≥500 cells/μL increased from 7.7% in 2005 to 42.2% in 2009–2010 and 61.1% in 2016–2018. Thus, after adjustment for differences in CD4 counts and age, hrHPV prevalences were more similar over time: 32.6% for RWISA, 30.6% for HPV Demonstration, and 27.1% for U54 (P = .007). Conclusions Prevalence of hrHPV among WLWH has decreased over the past decade, most likely the result of improved immune reconstitution due to better HIV care and management in Rwanda.

Twelve-Year Trend in the Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Rwandan Women Living With HIV