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The International Olympic Committee-approved drug test to detect testosterone administration is based on the concentration ratio of urinary testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E). Usually the T/E is ∼1, but after administration, the urinary excretion rate of testosterone increases and hence the ratio will be augmented;International Olympic Committee-accredited laboratories report T/E >6. Constant refrigeration of competitors’ samples in transport is logistically difficult; hence, samples are usually transported at ambient temperature and may take several days to reach these laboratories. Preservative is not added because it is reasoned that adulteration with a foreign substance may lead to legal challenges. Concern has been raised about maintaining the integrity of the sample, particularly because possible urinary microbial production of testosterone may cause an adverse finding (1), and several appeals have been made on that basis, e.g., the case of Mrs. Diane Modahl (2)(3), a British athlete who had competed internationally.A wide range of microorganisms can contaminate urine. Thus, testing the general hypothesis that microbial production of testosterone is possible simply by incubating a limited number of untreated urine samples at ambient temperature has not been fruitful. We decided that a better approach was to perform a relatively large-scale study in which urine samples from females were inoculated with a single potential candidate organism. To rationalize the choice of organism, a fresh approach was used that involved searching a comprehensive protein database (SWall; comprising >500 000 entries) to identify putative organisms that are most likely to produce enzymes able to convert steroid precursors to testosterone.Unlike prokaryotes (e.g., Escherichia coli ), many eukaryotic microorganisms are capable of both de novo synthesis of steroids and transformation of steroid substrates. Essential enzymes in the conversion of the precursor steroids, androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) and androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol), to testosterone in humans are 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase …

Candida albicans in Urine Can Produce Testosterone: Impact on the Testosterone/Epitestosterone Sports Drug Test