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If a bioparticle, such as a cell, bacterium, or virus, is exposed to an external electric field, it becomes electrically polarized. This polarization takes the form of electrical charges that are created on its external surface, as well as at the interfaces defining its internal structure. These field-induced charges lend to the bioparticle the properties of a large, electric dipole moment. The polarity and temporal orientation of this dipole, with respect to the applied field, depends on the dielectric properties of the suspending medium and the bioparticle (1) .We used microelectrodes to create various forms of localized electric fields having frequencies covering the range from ∼100 Hz to 10 MHz. There are three principal types of AC fields: ( a ) a stationary, nonuniform field (1)(2)(3) that creates a dielectrophoretic force; ( b ) a traveling wave (1)(2)(3) that creates a dielectrophoretic force and a traveling wave force; and ( c ) a rotating field (4)(5) that creates rotational torque. The effects on the suspended bioparticles are, respectively, localized lateral motion, long-range lateral motion, and rotation (references are to the background theory and technology).In the work reported here, rotating electric fields are used to investigate the binding of microorganisms to 6-μm diameter beads. In particular, we wished to determine whether electrorotation measurements are capable of detecting the viability of single Escherichia coli microorganisms attached to latex beads.E. coli (K12) was obtained from the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria, Ltd., Aberdeen. Carboxylated latex beads of major axis 6 μm were obtained from Bangs Laboratories, and the polyclonal E. coli antibody was from Biogenesis. E. coli …

Determination of the Viability of Escherichia coli at the Single Organism Level by Electrorotation