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The heterocyclic aromatic amines, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) are formed during frying of meat. PhIP and 4,8-DiMeIQx have, after metabolic activation, been shown to form adducts with DNA at the C8 of guanine both in vitro and in vivo. In order to investigate possible urinary biomarkers for estimation of the genotoxic dose of PhIP and 4,8-DiMeIQx, [3H]PhIP-dG, [3H]PhIP-DNA and [14C]4,8-DiMeIQx-DNA were injected i.p. to rats and the excretion of radioactivity in urine and faeces were measured. For all three [3H]PhIP-dG, [3H]PhIP-DNA and [14C]4,8-DiMeIQx-DNA 15-20% of the dose were excreted in the urine and 80-85% of the dose were excreted in the faeces. Urinary excretion showed maximum to 24 h (90%) with a rapid decline, 10% to 48 h and 0% to 72 h. Faecal excretion also showed maximum to 24 h (60%) with a slower decline, 30% to 48 h and 10% to 72 h. HPLC analysis of samples of urine and extracts from faeces, from rats dosed with [3H]PhIP-dG, showed that approximately 90% of the radioactivity co-eluted with PhIP-dG, indicating that PhIP-dG is excreted unmetabolized. HPLC analysis of samples of urine and extracts from faeces, from rats dosed with [3H]PhIP-DNA, showed that approximately 85% of the radioactivity co-eluted with PhIP-dG, indicating that PhIP-DNA adducts is mainly excreted as nucleoside adducts. Approximately 5% of the radioactivity excreted in the urine co-eluted with PhIP-G, indicating loss of deoxyribose. HPLC analysis of samples of urine and extracts from faeces, from rats dosed with [14C]4,8-DiMeIQx-DNA, showed that approximately 90% of the radioactivity co-eluted with 4,8-DiMeIQx-dG, indicating that 4,8-DiMeIQx-DNA adducts is mainly excreted as nucleoside adducts. Man is able to eliminate compounds of a higher mol. wt in the urine than the rat, the percentage of PhIP-dG and 4,8-DiMeIQx eliminated in the urine of man would therefore be expected to be higher than in the rat. Measurement of urinary nucleoside adducts of PhIP and 4,8-DiMeIQx could therefore provide a basis for the development of a biomonitoring strategy for the genotoxic dose of these food derived HAA.

carcinogenesis

Excretion of DNA adducts of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyridine and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, PhIP- dG, PhIP-DNA and DiMeIQx-DNA from the rat