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Electroencephalography (EEG) data possess a complex structure that includes regional, functional, and longitudinal dimensions. Our motivating example is a word segmentation paradigm in which typically developing (TD) children, and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were exposed to a continuous speech stream. For each subject, continuous EEG signals recorded at each electrode were divided into one-second segments and projected into the frequency domain via fast Fourier transform. Following a spectral principal components analysis, the resulting data consist of region-referenced principal power indexed regionally by scalp location, functionally across frequencies, and longitudinally by one-second segments. Standard EEG power analyses often collapse information across the longitudinal and functional dimensions by averaging power across segments and concentrating on specific frequency bands. We propose a hybrid principal components analysis for region-referenced longitudinal functional EEG data, which utilizes both vector and functional principal components analyses and does not collapse information along any of the three dimensions of the data. The proposed decomposition only assumes weak separability of the higher-dimensional covariance process and utilizes a product of one dimensional eigenvectors and eigenfunctions, obtained from the regional, functional, and longitudinal marginal covariances, to represent the observed data, providing a computationally feasible non-parametric approach. A mixed effects framework is proposed to estimate the model components coupled with a bootstrap test for group level inference, both geared towards sparse data applications. Analysis of the data from the word segmentation paradigm leads to valuable insights about group-region differences among the TD and verbal and minimally verbal children with ASD. Finite sample properties of the proposed estimation framework and bootstrap inference procedure are further studied via extensive simulations.

Hybrid principal components analysis for region-referenced longitudinal functional EEG data