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Homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS), characterized by hybrid speciation without a change in chromosome number and facilitated by ecological divergence, is well known in angiosperms but rare in gymnosperms.  Picea purpurea  as one of two demonstrably conifer diploid hybrid species in gymnosperms has been found to occupy colder alpine habitats than its parents. However, studies on whether leaf frost tolerance and hydraulic safety exhibit transgressive segregation and thus play a role in conifer HHS are still lacking. In this study, we compared the frost tolerance of photosystem stability (the maximum efficiency of PSII,  F  v / F  m ), pressure-volume parameters, and xylem resistance to dysfunction of leaves (current-year twigs) and stems (annual shoots) between  P .  purpurea  and its progenitors. The results indicated that  P. purpurea  had significantly lower osmotic potential at full turgor, water potential at turgor loss point, water potential at 12 % loss of conductance of stem, the maximum hydraulic conductance of stem and the temperature causing a 50 % reduction in initial  F  v / F  m  than its parental species. In contrast, the leaf and stem xylem pressure inducing 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (leaf Ψ 50  and stem Ψ 50 , respectively) and hydraulic safety margin in leaf Ψ 50 , stem Ψ 50  in  P. purpurea  showed no significant difference with those of  P. wilsonii , but significantly larger than those of  P. likiangensis . This suggests that the frost tolerance of photosystem stability and the cell dehydration tolerance in  P. purpurea  are superior to its parental species, facilitating its successful colonization and establishment in colder habitats.

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Enhanced cell dehydration tolerance and photosystem stability facilitate the occupation of cold alpine habitats by a homoploid hybrid species, Picea purpurea