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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a group of conditions that can occur in the offspring of a woman who consumed alcohol during pregnancy (CDC, 2014a,b). FASD refers to a range of disorders, with fetal alcohol syndrome representing the most severe end of the spectrum, which may include symptoms such as: abnormal facial features, small head size, poor coordination, hyperactivity, difficulty paying attention, poor memory, speech/language delays and learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities, low IQ, vision and hearing problems, heart, kidney, and bone problems (Paintner et al. , 2012). Diagnosis is often difficult, as there are multiple diagnostic criteria for FASD (Paintner et al. , 2012). There is no specific or highly effective treatment, but early intervention can improve a child's development. Treatment includes medication to manage symptoms (for example, attention deficit and hyperactivity), behavior and education therapy, and parent training (Paintner et al. , 2012; Pruett et al. , 2013). Because the needs of the affected individual are likely to change as they age, treatment of FASD requires close monitoring and adaptations to the treatment plan (Pruett et al. , 2013).Current estimates of fetal alcohol syndrome frequency in the USA range from 0.2 to 1.5 cases per 1000 live births, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Experts believe FASD likely occur three times as frequently as fetal alcohol syndrome (CDC, 2014a,b). Approximately half of all pregnancies in the USA are unplanned, with the result that many women who drink alcohol continue to drink during the early weeks of pregnancy because they do not realize that they are pregnant (Floyd et al. , 1999; Finer and Henshaw, 2006). Only about 40% of women realize that they are pregnant by 4 weeks of gestation, a critical period for organ development (Floyd …

A Transition in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Research: The Shift from Animal Modeling to Human Intervention