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The quantum bits (qubits) on which superconducting quantum computers arebased have energy scales corresponding to photons with GHz frequencies. Theenergy of photons in the gigahertz domain is too low to allow transmissionthrough the noisy room-temperature environment, where the signal would be lostin thermal noise. Optical photons, on the other hand, have much higherenergies, and signals can be detected using highly efficient single-photondetectors. Transduction from microwave to optical frequencies is therefore apotential enabling technology for quantum devices. However, in such a devicethe optical pump can be a source of thermal noise and thus degrade thefidelity; the similarity of input microwave state to the output optical state.In order to investigate the magnitude of this effect we model the sub-Kelvinthermal behavior of an electro-optic transducer based on a lithium niobatewhispering gallery mode resonator. We find that there is an optimum power levelfor a continuous pump, whilst pulsed operation of the pump increases thefidelity of the conversion.

Thermal Noise in Electro-Optic Devices at Cryogenic Temperatures