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We demonstrate photophoretic force-based optical trapping of multipleabsorbing particles in air by loosely focusing a Gaussian beam with a series ofconvex lenses of different focal lengths, and investigate the dependence of thenumber of trapped particles and their sizes on the focal length. We observe theformation of particle chains at a particular focal length, and measure thedynamic range of optical trapping for each lens system. We then develop anumerical simulation to explain the observed dynamic range of trapping byestimating the temperature distribution across a particle surface, anddetermining the photophoretic force. Our simulation results are in reasonableagreement with experimental results. Interestingly, we also observe that theaverage size of trapped particles reduces as we increase the lens focallengths, which suggests that intensity gradients may somehow be involved in themechanism of photophoretic trapping.

Trapping multiple absorbing particles in air using an optical fiber by photophoretic forces