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Molecular signalling in living cells occurs at low copy numbers and isthereby inherently limited by the noise imposed by thermal diffusion. Theprecision at which biochemical receptors can count signalling molecules isintimately related to the noise correlation time. In addition to passivethermal diffusion, messenger RNA and vesicle-engulfed signalling molecules cantransiently bind to molecular motors and are actively transported acrossbiological cells. Active transport is most beneficial when trafficking occursover large distances, for instance up to the order of 1 metre in neurons. Herewe explain how intermittent active transport allows for faster equilibrationupon a change in concentration triggered by biochemical stimuli. Moreover, weshow how intermittent active excursions induce qualitative changes in the noisein effectively one-dimensional systems such as dendrites. Thereby they allowfor significantly improved signalling precision in the sense of a smallerrelative deviation in the concentration read-out by the receptor. On the basisof linear response theory we derive the exact mean field precision limit forcounting actively transported molecules. We explain how intermittent activeexcursions disrupt the recurrence in the molecular motion, thereby facilitatingimproved signalling accuracy. Our results provide a deeper understanding of howrecurrence affects molecular signalling precision in biological cells and noveldiagnostic devices.

Active transport improves the precision of linear long distance molecular signalling