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Relativistic runaway electrons are a major concern in tokamaks. The Europeanframework for Integrated Modelling (EU-IM), facilitates the integration ofdifferent plasma simulation tools by providing a standard data structure forcommunication that enables relatively easy integration of different physicscodes. A three-level modelling approach was adopted for runaway electronsimulations within the EU-IM. Recently, a number of runaway electron modellingmodules have been integrated into this framework. The first level of modelling(Runaway Indicator) is limited to the indication if runaway electron generationis possible or likely. The second level (Runaway Fluid) adopts an approachsimilar to e.g. the GO code, using analytical formulas to estimate changes inthe runaway electron current density. The third level is based on the solutionof the electron kinetics. One such code is LUKE that can handle thetoroidicity-induced effects by solving the bounce-averaged Fokker-Planckequation. Another approach is used in NORSE, which features a fully nonlinearcollision operator that makes it capable of simulating major changes in theelectron distribution, for example slide-away. Both codes handle the effect ofradiation on the runaway distribution. These runaway-electron modelling codesare in different stages of integration into the EU-IM infrastructure, and intothe European Transport Simulator (ETS), which is a fully capable modular 1.5Dcore transport simulator. ETS with Runaway Fluid was benchmarked to the GO codeimplementing similar physics. Coherent integration of kinetic solvers requiresmore effort on the coupling, especially regarding the definition of theboundary between runaway and thermal populations, and on consistent calculationof resistivity. Some of these issues are discussed.

Runaway electron modelling in the self-consistent core European Transport Simulator, ETS