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The S-shaped magnetic structure in the solar wind formed by the twisting ofmagnetic field lines is called a switchback, whose main characteristics are thereversal of the magnetic field and the significant increase in the solar windradial velocity. We identify 242 switchbacks during the first two encounters ofParker Solar Probe (PSP). Statistics methods are applied to analyze thedistribution and the rotation angle and direction of the magnetic fieldrotation of the switchbacks. The diameter of switchbacks is estimated with aminimum variance analysis (MVA) method based on the assumption of a cylindricalmagnetic tube. We also make a comparison between switchbacks from inside andthe boundary of coronal holes. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) therotation angles of switchbacks observed during the first encounter seem largerthan those of the switchbacks observed during the second encounter in general;(2) the tangential component of the velocity inside the switchbacks tends to bemore positive (westward) than in the ambient solar wind; (3) switchbacks aremore likely to rotate clockwise than anticlockwise, and the number ofswitchbacks with clockwise rotation is 1.48 and 2.65 times of those withanticlockwise rotation during the first and second encounters, respectively;(4) the diameter of switchbacks is about 10^5 km on average and across fiveorders of magnitude (10^3 -- 10^7 km).

research in astronomy and astrophysics

Analysis of the distribution, rotation and scale characteristics of  solar wind switchbacks: comparison between the first and second encounters of  Parker Solar Probe