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The precise measurement of cosmic-ray antinuclei serves as an important meansfor identifying the nature of dark matter and other new astrophysicalphenomena, and could be used with other cosmic-ray species to understandcosmic-ray production and propagation in the Galaxy. For instance, low-energyantideuterons would provide a "smoking gun" signature of dark matterannihilation or decay, essentially free of astrophysical background. Studies inrecent years have emphasized that models for cosmic-ray antideuterons must beconsidered together with the abundant cosmic antiprotons and any potentialobservation of antihelium. Therefore, a second dedicated Antideuteron Workshopwas organized at UCLA in March 2019, bringing together a community of theoristsand experimentalists to review the status of current observations of cosmic-rayantinuclei, the theoretical work towards understanding these signatures, andthe potential of upcoming measurements to illuminate ongoing controversies.This review aims to synthesize this recent work and present implications forthe upcoming decade of antinuclei observations and searches. This includesdiscussion of a possible dark matter signature in the AMS-02 antiprotonspectrum, the most recent limits from BESS Polar-II on the cosmic antideuteronflux, and reports of candidate antihelium events by AMS-02; recent collider andcosmic-ray measurements relevant for antinuclei production models; the state ofcosmic-ray transport models in light of AMS-02 and Voyager data; and theprospects for upcoming experiments, such as GAPS. This provides a roadmap forprogress on cosmic antinuclei signatures of dark matter in the coming years.

Cosmic-ray Antinuclei as Messengers of New Physics: Status and Outlook for the New Decade