English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Pair production in a constant electric field is closely analogous to bubblenucleation in a false vacuum. The classical trajectories of the pairs areLorentz invariant, but it appears that this invariance should be broken by thenucleation process. Here, we use a model detector, consisting of otherparticles interacting with the pairs, to investigate how pair production isseen by different Lorentzian observers. We focus on the idealized situationwhere a constant external electric field is present for an infinitely longtime, and we consider the in-vacuum state for a charged scalar field thatdescribes the nucleating pairs. The in-vacuum is defined in terms of modeswhich are positive frequency in the remote past. Even though the constructionuses a particular reference frame and a gauge where the vector potential istime dependent, we show explicitly that the resulting quantum state is Lorentzinvariant. We then introduce a "detector" particle which interacts with thenucleated pairs, and show that all Lorentzian observers will see the particlesand antiparticles nucleating preferentially at rest in the detector's restframe. Similar conclusions are expected to apply to bubble nucleation in asufficiently long lived vacuum. We also comment on certain unphysical aspectsof the Lorentz invariant in-vacuum, associated with the fact that it containsan infinite density of particles. This can be easily remedied by consideringLorentz breaking initial conditions.

Observer dependence of bubble nucleation and Schwinger pair production