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We study the active dynamics of self-propelled asymmetrical colloidalparticles (Janus particles) fueled by an AC electric field. Both the speed andthe direction of the self-propulsion and the strength of attractive interactionbetween the particles can be controlled by tuning the frequency of the appliedelectric field and the ion concentration of the solution. The strong attractiveforce at high ion concentration give rise to chain formation of the Janusparticles, which can be explained by the quadrupolar charge distribution on theparticles. The chain formation is observed irrespective of the direction of theself-propulsion of the particles. When both the positions and the orientationsof the heads of chains are fixed, they exhibit beating behavior reminiscent ofeukaryotic flagella. The beating frequency of the chains of the Janus particlesdepends on the applied voltage and thus on the self-propulsive force. Thescaling relation between the beating frequency and the self-propulsive forcedeviates from theoretical predictions made previously on active filaments.However, this discrepancy is resolved by assuming that the attractiveinteraction between the particles is mediated by the quadrupolar distributionof the induced charges, which gives indirect but convincing evidence on themechanisms of the Janus particles. This signifies that the dependence betweenthe propulsion mechanism and the interaction mechanism, which had beendismissed previously, can modify dispersion relations of beating behaviors. Inaddition, hydrodynamic interaction within the chain and its effect onpropulsion speed are discussed. These provide new insights on active filamentssuch as optimal flagellar design for biological functions.

Flagellar Dynamics of Chains of Active Janus Particles Fueled by an AC electric field