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We present and implement a non-destructive detection scheme for thetransition probability readout of an optical lattice clock. The scheme relieson a differential heterodyne measurement of the dispersive properties oflattice-trapped atoms enhanced by a high finesse cavity. By design, this schemeoffers a 1st order rejection of the technical noise sources, an enhancedsignal-to-noise ratio, and an homogeneous atom-cavity coupling. Wetheoretically show that this scheme is optimal with respect to the photon shotnoise limit. We experimentally realize this detection scheme in an operationalstrontium optical lattice clock. The resolution is on the order of a few atomswith a photon scattering rate low enough to keep the atoms trapped afterdetection. This scheme opens the door to various different interrogationsprotocols, which reduce the frequency instability, including atom recycling,zero-dead time clocks with a fast repetition rate, and sub quantum projectionnoise frequency stability.

A noise-immune cavity-assisted non-destructive detection for an optical lattice clock in the quantum regime