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We report the finding of new surface treatments that permit to manipulate theniobium resonator nitrogen content in the first few nanometers in a controlledway, and the resonator fundamental Mattis-Bardeen surface resistance andresidual resistance accordingly. In particular, we find surface infusionconditions that systematically a) increase the quality factor of these 1.3 GHzsuperconducting radio frequency (SRF) bulk niobium resonators, up to very highgradients; b) increase the achievable accelerating gradient of the cavitycompared to its own baseline with state-of-the-art surface processing. Cavitiessubject to the new surface process have larger than two times the state of theart Q at 2K for accelerating fields > 35 MV/m. Moreover, very high acceleratinggradients ~ 45 MV/m are repeatedly reached, which correspond to peak magneticsurface fields of 190 mT, among the highest measured for bulk niobium cavities.These findings open the opportunity to tailor the surface impurity contentdistribution to maximize performance in Q and gradients, and have thereforevery important implications on future performance and cost of SRF basedaccelerators. They also help deepen the understanding of the physics of the RFniobium cavity surface.

Unprecedented Quality Factors at Accelerating Gradients up to 45 MV/m in Niobium Superconducting Resonators via Low Temperature Nitrogen Infusion