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There is a new effect that can limit the lifetime of a weakly nonlinearwakefield in a radially bounded plasma. If the drive beam is narrow, some ofthe plasma electrons fall out of the collective motion and leave the plasmaradially, forming a negatively charged halo around it. These electronsrepeatedly return to the plasma under the action of the charge separationfield, interact with the plasma wave and cause its damping. The lowest-energyhalo electrons take the energy from the wave more efficiently, because theirtrajectories are bent by the plasma wave towards the regions of the strongestacceleration. For correct accounting of the wave damping in simulations, it isnecessary and sufficient to take the simulation window twice as wide as theplasma.

Wakefield decay in a radially bounded plasma due to formation of electron halo