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Solitary zonal structures have recently been identified in gyrokineticsimulations of subcritical drift-wave (DW) turbulence with background shearflows. However, the nature of these structures has not been fully understoodyet. Here, we show that similar structures can be obtained within a reducedmodel, which complements the modified Hasegawa-Mima equation with a genericprimary instability and a background shear flow. We also find that thesestructures can be qualitatively reproduced in the modified Hasegawa-Wakataniequation, which subsumes the reduced model as a limit. In particular, weillustrate that in both cases, the solitary zonal structures approximatelysatisfy the same ''equation of state'', which is a local relation connectingthe DW envelope with the zonal-flow velocity. Due to this generality, ourreduced model can be considered as a minimum model for solitary zonalstructures in subcritical DWs.

Solitary zonal structures in subcritical drift waves: a minimum model