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To maximize the charge of a high-energy electron beam accelerated by anultra-intense laser pulse propagating in a subcritical plasma, the pulse lengthshould be longer than both the plasma wavelength and the laser pulse width,which is quite different from the standard bubble regime. In addition, thelaser--plasma parameters should be chosen to produce the self-trapping regimeof relativistic channeling, where the diffraction divergence is balanced by therelativistic nonlinearity such that the laser beam radius is unchanged duringpulse propagation in a plasma over many Rayleigh lengths. The condition forsuch a self-trapping regime is the same as what was empirically found inseveral previous simulation studies in the form of the pulse width matchingcondition. Here, we prove these findings for a subcritical plasma, where thetotal charge of high-energy electrons reaches the multi-nC level, byoptimization in a 3D PIC simulation study and compare the results with ananalytic theory of relativistic self-focusing. A very efficient explicitlydemonstrated generation of high-charge electron beams opens a way to ahigh-yield production of gammas, positrons, and photonuclear particles.

Generation of high-charge electron beam in a subcritical-density plasma through laser pulse self-trapping