English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

We derive a formula for the effective critical electric field for runawaygeneration and decay that accounts for the presence of partially ionizedimpurities in combination with synchrotron and bremsstrahlung radiation losses.We show that the effective critical field is drastically larger than theclassical Connor-Hastie field, and even exceeds the value obtained by replacingthe free electron density by the total electron density (including both freeand bound electrons). Using a kinetic equation solver with an inductiveelectric field, we show that the runaway current decay after an impurityinjection is expected to be linear in time and proportional to the effectivecritical electric field in highly inductive tokamak devices. This is relevantfor the efficacy of mitigation strategies for runaway electrons since itreduces the required amount of injected impurities to achieve a certain currentdecay rate.

Effect of partially ionized impurities and radiation on the effective critical electric field for runaway generation