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For dose calculations in ion beam therapy, it is vital to accuratelydetermine the relative stopping power (RSP) distribution within the treatedvolume. Currently, RSP values are extrapolated from Hounsfield units (HU),measured with x-ray computed tomography (CT), which entails RSP inaccuraciesdue to conversion errors. A suitable method to improve the treatment planaccuracy is proton computed tomography (pCT). A typical pCT system consists ofa tracking system and a separate residual energy (or range) detector to measurethe RSP distribution directly. This paper introduces a novel pCT system basedon a single detector technology, namely low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs).LGADs are fast 4D-tracking detectors, which can be used to simultaneouslymeasure the particle position and time with precise timing and spatialresolution. In contrast to standard pCT systems, the residual energy isdetermined via a time-of-flight (TOF) measurement between different 4D-trackingstations. The design parameters for a realistic proton computed tomographysystem based on 4D-tracking detectors were studied and optimized using MonteCarlo simulations. The RSP accuracy and RSP resolution were measured inside theinserts of the CTP404 phantom to estimate the performance of the pCT system.After introducing a dedicated calibration procedure for the TOF calorimeter,RSP accuracies < 0.6 % could be achieved. Furthermore, the design parameterswith the strongest impact on the RSP resolution were identified and a strategyto improve RSP resolution is proposed.

Feasibility study of a proton CT system based on 4D-tracking and residual energy determination via time-of-flight