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This paper describes the development and validation of a Monte Carlo (MC)dose computing module dedicated to organ dose calculations of patientsundergoing nuclear medicine (NM) internal radiation exposures involving 18F-FDGPET/CT examination. This new module extends the more-than-10-years-long ARCHERproject that developed a GPU-accelerated MC dose engine by adding dedicated NMsource-definition features. To validate the code, we compared dosedistributions from the 0.511-MeV point photon source calculated for a waterphantom as well as a patient PET/CT phantom against a well-tested MC code,GATE. The water-phantom results show excellent agreement, suggesting that theradiation physics module in the new NM code is adequate. To demonstrate theclinical utility and advantage of ARCHER-NM, one set of PET/CT data for anadult male NM patient is calculated using the new code. Radiosensitive organsin the CT dataset are segmented using a CNN-based tool called DeepViewer. ThePET image intensity maps are converted to radioactivity distributions to allowfor MC radiation transport dose calculations at the voxel level. The dose ratemaps and corresponding statistical uncertainties were calculated for theduration of PET image acquisition. The dose rate results of the 18F-FDG PETimaging patient show that ARCHER-NM's results agree very well with those of theGATE within 0.58% to 4.11%. Most impressively, ARCHER-NM obtains such resultsin less than 0.5 minutes while it takes GATE as much as 376 minutes. This isthe first study presenting GPU-accelerated patient-specific MC internalradiation dose rate calculations for clinically realistic 18F-FDG PET/CTimaging cases involving auto-segmentation of whole-body PET/CT images. Thisstudy suggests that modern computing tools -- ARCHER-NM and DeepViewer -- areaccurate and fast enough for routine internal dosimetry in NM clinics.

Development of a GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo dose calculation module for nuclear medicine, ARCHER-NM: Demonstration for a PET/CT imaging procedure