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High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) or focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) is a non-invasive technique for the treatment of cancerous tissue, which is limited by difficulties in getting real-time feedback on treatment progress and long treatment durations. The formation and activity of acoustic cavitation, specifically inertial cavitation, during HIFU exposures has been demonstrated to enhance heating rates. However, without the introduction of external nuclei its formation an activity can be unpredictable, and potentially counterproductive.   In this study, a combination of pulse laser illumination (839nm), HIFU exposures (3.3MHz) and plasmonic gold nanorods (AuNR) was demonstrated as a new approach for the guidance and enhancement of HIFU treatments. For imaging, short duration HIFU pulses (10μs) demonstrated broadband acoustic emissions from AuNR nucleated cavitation with a signal-to-noise ranging from 5-35dB for peak negative pressures between 1.19-3.19±0.01MPa. In the absence of either AuNR or laser illumination these emissions were either not present or lower in magnitude (e.g. 5dB for 3.19MPa). Continuous wave (CW) HIFU exposures for 15s, were then used to generate thermal lesions for peak negative pressures from 0.2-2.71±0.01MPa at a fluence of 3.4mJ/cm2. Inertial cavitation dose (ICD) was monitored during all CW exposures, where exposures combined with both laser illumination and AuNRs resulted in the highest level of detectable emissions. This parameter was integrated over the entire exposure to give a metric to compare with measured thermal lesion area, where it was found that a minimum total ICD of 1.5x103a.u. was correlated with the formation of thermal lesions in gel phantoms. Furthermore, lesion area (mm2) was increased for equivalent exposures without either AuNRs or laser illumination.   Once combined with cancer targeting AuNRs this approach could allow for the future theranostic use of HIFU, such as providing the ability to identify and treat small multi-focal cancerous regions with minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

Gold nanoparticle nucleated cavitation for enhanced high intensity focused ultrasound therapy