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In this work, a generic rigorous Bayesian formalism is introduced to predictthe most likely path of any ion crossing a medium between two detection points.The path is predicted based on a combination of the particle scattering in thematerial and measurements of its initial and final position, direction andenergy. The path estimate's precision is compared to the Monte Carlo simulatedpath. Every ion from hydrogen to carbon is simulated in two scenarios toestimate the accuracy achievable: one where the range is fixed and one wherethe initial velocity is fixed. In the scenario where the range is keptconstant, the maximal root-mean-square error between the estimated path and theMonte Carlo path drops significantly between the proton path estimate (0.50 mm)and the helium path estimate (0.18 mm), but less so up to the carbon pathestimate (0.09 mm). In the scenario where the initial velocity is keptconstant, helium have systematically the minimal root-mean-square errorthroughout the path. As a result, helium is found to be the optimal particlefor ion imaging.

A theoretical framework to predict the most likely ion path in particle imaging