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Galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles charge gold-platinum,free-falling test masses (TMs) on board interferometers for the detection ofgravitational waves in space. The charging process induces spurious forces onthe test masses that affect the sensitivity of these instruments mainly below$10^{-3}$ Hz. Geant4 and FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations were carried out tostudy the TM charging process on board the LISA Pathfinder mission thatremained into orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L1 between 2016 and2017. While a good agreement was observed between simulations and measurementsof the TMs net charging, the shot noise associated with charging fluctuationsof both positive and negative particles resulted 3-4 times higher thatpredicted. The origin of this mismatch was attributed to the propagation ofelectrons and photons only above 100 eV in the simulations. In this paper,low-energy electromagnetic processes to be included in the future Monte Carlosimulations for LISA and LISA-like space interferometers TM charging areconsidered. {It is found that electrons and photons below 100 eV give acontribution to the effective charging comparable to that of the whole sampleof particles above this energy. In particular, for incident protons ionizationcontributes twice with respect to low energy kinetic emission and electronbackscattering. The other processes are found to play a negligible role. Forheavy nuclei only sputtering must be considered.

Low-energy electromagnetic processes affecting free-falling test-mass charging for LISA and future space interferometers