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Using the South Pole Telescope (SPT), we have discovered the most massiveknown galaxy cluster at z > 1, SPT-CL J2106-5844. In addition to producing astrong Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect signal, this system is a luminous X-ray sourceand its numerous constituent galaxies display spatial and color clustering, allindicating the presence of a massive galaxy cluster. VLT and Magellanspectroscopy of 18 member galaxies shows that the cluster is at z =1.132^+0.002_-0.003. Chandra observations obtained through a combined HRC-ACISGTO program reveal an X-ray spectrum with an Fe K line redshifted by z = 1.18+/- 0.03. These redshifts are consistent with galaxy colors in extensiveoptical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging. SPT-CL J2106-5844 displaysextreme X-ray properties for a cluster, having a core-excluded temperature ofkT = 11.0^+2.6_-1.9 keV and a luminosity (within r_500) of L_X (0.5 - 2.0 keV)= (13.9 +/- 1.0) x 10^44 erg/s. The combined mass estimate from measurements ofthe Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and X-ray data is M_200 = (1.27 +/- 0.21) x 10^15M_sun. The discovery of such a massive gravitationally collapsed system at highredshift provides an interesting laboratory for galaxy formation and evolution,and is a powerful probe of extreme perturbations of the primordial matterdensity field. We discuss the latter, determining that, under the assumption ofLambdaCDM cosmology with only Gaussian perturbations, there is only a 7% chanceof finding a galaxy cluster similar to SPT-CL J2106-5844 in the 2500 deg^2 SPTsurvey region, and that only one such galaxy cluster is expected in the entiresky.

Discovery and Cosmological Implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the Most Massive Known Cluster at z > 1