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The different propensity score estimators reflect the average effect on the different populations. Particularly, it is pointed out that different causal inference methods based on propensity scores lead to entirely different conclusions when the treatment effect is not uniform across the study population. However, many clinical studies did not care about the difference in the estimands. To illustrate the difference in the estimated values depending on the propensity score methods in practice, were-analyzed a case study assessing the effects of surgical treatment among tongue cancer patients, which the treatment effect varied depending on the patients’ characteristics. Then we conducted a computer simulation to verify the results of the case study.

Estimating the treatment effect with propensity score when the effect varies by patient characteristics: A case study and simulation