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The semantic and syntactic feature of the character  shuō  has been one of the central issues explored by scholars who study Chinese. However, none of their studies systematically survey why and how  shuō  occurs in connectives. Under the theoretical framework of SFG, this paper first introduces some critical notions of semantic domain and primitive morpheme, which help to interpret why  shuō  is manifested in varied grammatical environments. Then a dichotomy of lexicalized and grammaticalized  shuō -connectives is proposed to illustrate how  shuō  “moves” into conjunctive items. A close analysis of some peculiar  shuō -connectives indicates that (1)  shuō  marks the internal process in lexicalized items; and (2)  shuō  may serve as internal process, impersonal projecting process and conditional binder in grammaticalized items. It is argued that the current framework of projection semantic domain should be fine-tuned so as to take the textual manifestation into account.

Textualization of “say”: a functional analysis of shuō -connectives in Chinese