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The increasing emergence of bacterial resistance is a challenge for the research community, thus novel antibacterial agents should be developed. Metal nanoparticles are promising antibacterial agents and could solve the problem of antibiotic resistance. Herein, we used  Gardenia thailandica  methanol extract (GTME) to biogenically synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The characterisation of ZnO-NPs was performed by UV spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning and transmission electron microscopes, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs was studied both  in vitro  and  in vivo  against  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  clinical isolates. Its minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 2 to 64 µg/mL, and it significantly decreased the membrane integrity and resulted in a significant increase in the inner and outer membrane permeability. Also, the ZnO-NPs treated cells possessed a distorted and deformed shape when examined by scanning electron microscope. The  in vivo  study (biochemical parameters and histological investigation) was conducted and it revealed a protective effect of ZnO-NPs against the deleterious influences of  P. aeruginosa  bacteria on lung, liver, and kidney tissues. LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed a phytochemical tentative identification of 57 compounds for the first time. We propose that GTME is a useful source for ZnO-NPs which has a promising antibacterial activity.

artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology

Antibacterial activity of nano zinc oxide green-synthesised from  Gardenia thailandica  triveng. Leaves against  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  clinical isolates: in vitro and in vivo study