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A functional reciprocity between the gut microbiome and vagal nerve activity has been suggested, however, human studies addressing this phenomenon are limited. Twenty-four-hour cardiac vagal activity (CVA) was assessed from 73 female participants (aged 24.5 ± 4.3 years). Additionally, stool samples were subjected to 16SrRNA gene analysis (V1–V2). Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) was used to analyse microbiome data. Additionally, inflammatory parameters (such as CRP and IL-6) were derived from serum samples. Daytime CVA correlated significantly with gut microbiota diversity ( rsp  = 0.254,  p  = 0.030), CRP ( rsp  = −0.348,  p  = 0.003), and IL-6 ( rsp  = −0.320,  p  = 0.006). When the group was divided at the median of 24 h CVA (Mdn = 1.322), the following features were more abundant in the high CVA group:  Clostridia  (Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LDA) = 4.195,  p  = 0.029),  Clostridiales  (LDA = 4.195,  p  = 0.029),  Lachnospira  (LDA = 3.489,  p  = 0.004),  Ruminococcaceae  (LDA = 4.073,  p  = 0.010),  Faecalibacterium  (LDA = 3.982,  p  = 0.042),  Lactobacillales  (LDA = 3.317,  p  = 0.029),  Bacilli  (LDA = 3.294,  p  = 0.0350),  Streptococcaceae  (LDA = 3.353,  p  = 0.006),  Streptococcus  (LDA = 3.332,  p  = 0.011). Based on Dirichlet multinomial mixtures two enterotypes could be detected, which differed significantly in CVA, age, BMI, CRP, IL-6, and diversity. As an indicator of gut-brain communication, gut microbiome analysis could be extended by measurements of CVA to enhance our understanding of signalling  via  microbiota-gut-brain-axis and its alterations through psychobiotics.

Cardiac vagal activity is associated with gut-microbiome patterns in women—An exploratory pilot study