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We have shown that both free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) increase expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in vivo and in vitro. To determine signaling mechanisms responsible, HepG2 cells were exposed to FFA, emulsified TG, or the combination. The combination of FFA and TG increased PAI-1 to a greater extent than either agent alone (fold induction: 0.45mM FFA 1.7 +/- 0.2, 1,000 mg/dl TG 1.9 +/- 0.1, both 2.3 +/- 0.2, n=10, p&lt;0.05 for comparison of combination with either alone). Cells transfected with PAI-1 5' flanking region containing the 4G or 5G polymorphism displayed similar activity in response to FFA, but modestly greater activity with the 4G polymorphism in response to TG (fold induction: 5G-1.28 +/- 0.14 and 4G-1.46 +/- 0.13, n=6, p &lt; 0.05 for comparison). Deletion analyses demonstrated that FFA and TG induce PAI-1 expression through distinct regions of the promoter. Inhibition of protein kinase C inhibited the response to FFA but not TG. Accordingly, increased FFA and TG contribute to increased PAI-1 through independent mechanisms.

international journal of experimental diabetes research

The Independence of Signaling Pathways Mediating Increased Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="E1"><mml:mtext>1</mml:mtext></mml:math>in HepG2 Cells Exposed to Free Fatty Acids or Triglycerides

The Independence of Signaling Pathways Mediating Increased Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type1in HepG2 Cells Exposed to Free Fatty Acids or Triglycerides