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Silica aerogel is an excellent thermal insulator for high-speed aircraft, but there is little research on it in a high-temperature and complex-pressure environment. This research aims to evaluate the thermal insulation performance of silica aerogel monoliths with different porosities under large temperature differences and pressure gradients. We established an experimental system to measure and analyze the hot surface temperature response by fixing the heat flux and the cold surface temperature at transient pressure conditions. An unsteady-state heat transfer model considering gas flow is developed. The effective thermal conductivity of silica aerogels with 79.55 ~ 90.91% porosity is measured at different temperature differences between cold and hot surfaces (127 ~ 512 K), near-vacuum (&lt;10 Pa), and transient pressure conditions. The results demonstrated that silica aerogel with 90.91% porosity showed the best thermal insulation performance when the temperature differences were over 500 K, while the aerogel with 79.55% porosity became the best when the temperature differences were less than 500 K. In addition, both the temperature and pressure difference affect the thermal insulation performance: the energy transport caused by gas flow affects the dynamic temperature response when gas permeability is of the order of 10 −15  m 2 ; the thermal insulation performance is improved by increasing gas permeability and pressure difference when gas flow and heat transfer directions are opposite.

Thermal Insulation Performance of Monolithic Silica Aerogel with Gas Permeation Effect at Pressure Gradients and Large Temperature Differences