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Natural dyes extracted from  Senna singueana  flowers and leaves,  Ximenia caffra  fruits and  Bougainvillea glabra bracts  were used as sensitizers to fabricate dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The UV-Vis characterization of these species’ crude and purified natural dyes showed that  Senna singueana  leaves have broad broadband absorption, followed by  Bougainvillea glabra bracts . The absorption intensity of S enna singueana  leave and  Bougainvillea glabra bract  for crude and purified dyes was comparable, indicating their potential in DSSCs performance. The photoelectrochemical performance of the selected dyes used as a sensitizer in DSSCs indicated that  Senna singueana  leaves attained the highest open-circuit voltage (V oc ) and short circuit current density (J sc ) of 471 mV and 4.32 mA/cm 2  for crude dye, and 355 mV and 4.87 mA/cm 2  for purified dye. In contrast,  Bougainvillea glabra bract  had 380 mV and 3.34 mA/cm 2  for crude dye and 75 mV and 1.95 mA/cm 2  for purified dye. The photo-to-electric conversion efficiency of the DSSCs based on  Senna singueana  leaves as sensitizers were 0.68% (crude) and 0.51% (purified) and that of  Bougainvillea glabra bract  were 0.45% (crude) and 0.04% (purified). To our best knowledge, this is the first time to report the highest efficiency for  Senna singueana  leave in DSSC. Various organic solvents were used for purification; however, the photoelectrochemical performance of those extracts demonstrated that crude dyes are more effective than purified dyes as sensitizers in DSSCs application.

energy sources, part a: recovery, utilization, and environmental effects

Evaluation of absorbance for crude and purified natural dyes using  Senna singueana, Bougainvillea glabra bracts , and  Ximenia caffra  on DSSC performance parameters