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The lateral deformation behaviour of inclined piles in calcareous sand is investigated with model testing and numerical analysis. A model pile is instrumented with quasi-distributed strain sensors and installed in calcareous sand with various inclination angles. The lateral deformation, bending moment and shear force of the pile are analysed by investigating the effect of the inclination angle and embedded depth. The experimental results of piles with inclination angles of −30°, 0° and 30° are analysed. A random finite element method (RFEM) is established to investigate the effect of the pile inclination. A single exponential function is used to characterize the spatial autocorrelation of soil parameters. A random field is obtained by the Cholesky method. The RFEM is verified with experimental results and used to further analyse the lateral deformation behaviour. The results indicate that both of the orthogonal maximum influence distances from the pile centre have a linear relationship with the pile inclination. A linear relationship between the maximum lateral deformation on the pile top and the pile inclination is proposed. The outcome of this study may be helpful for understanding the lateral deformation behaviour of piles in calcareous sand and designing inclined piles.

Effect of pile inclination on the lateral deformation behaviour of pipe piles in calcareous sand