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The present study highlights the long-term variations in temperature and precipitation using time series datasets of CRU and ERA5-Land across the Himalayan region. The Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope-based trend analysis exhibited an apparent warming trend in the region, with higher increase in Tmin (1.5 °C) and comparatively lower increase in Tmax (0.8 °C) during 1901–2018. The joint CCl/WCRP/JCOMM based 19 extreme indices elucidated an increasing frequency of warm days (16%) in Central Himalayan urban agglomerations (HUAs) with a declining number of cold days (−6%) and cold nights (−4%) during 2000–2019. The moderate decline in the wet days (8%) and consecutive wet days (−5 days/20 years) observed in all HUAs compared to an increasing frequency of the consecutive dry days (3 days/20 years). Study reported higher warming in Kathmandu UA, while increased precipitation in Srinagar UA, and contributes to framing climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in the mountainous system.

Analysing climatic variability and extremes events in the Himalayan regions focusing on mountainous urban agglomerations