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The toxic and developmental properties of the three essential oils isolated from  Artemisia monosperma ,  Origanum vulgare  and  Schinus molle  were evaluated against  Culex pipiens . Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that capillene (36.86%), d-pulegone (77.45%) and α-phellandrene (29.78%) were the most dominant compounds in  A. monosperma ,  O. vulgare  and  S. molle , respectively. The toxicity of the oils was evaluated against larvae, pupae and adults of  C. pipiens  after treatments of the 1 st  instar mosquito larvae with different concentrations of oils. The oils of  O. vulgare ,  A. monosperma  and  S. molle  caused 77.33, 64.0 and 56.67% larval mortality at 100 mg/L, respectively. The oils showed a strong cumulative toxicity with LC 50  values of 10.27, 12.75 and 14.52 mg/L for  O. vulgare ,  S. molle  and  A. monosperma , respectively. Moreover, the oil of  O. vulgare  strongly inhibited adult eclosion with IC 50  value of 10.50 mg/L. Furthermore, the oils caused significant prolongation of the larval and pupal periods. In contrary, the oils drastically shortened adult periods of  C. pipiens . Moreover, the three oils induced pupal and adult malformation.

Composition, toxicity and developmental potential of three essential oils on the West Nile virus mosquito, Culex pipiens L