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Due to the rapid development of industry and agriculture, nitrate pollution in groundwater has been continuously increasing. NO 3 –N is a chemically stable nitrogen species and is quite difficult to remove. In this study, using heteropoly silicotungstate K 8 [α-SiW 11 O 39 ] and Cu 2+  as the active components, SiW 11  and Cu 2+  were loaded onto TiO 2  by a sol–gel method to prepare a composite photocatalyst SiW 11 /TiO 2 /Cu. The photocatalytic reduction of dissolved NO 3 –N was subsequently performed using SiW 11 /TiO 2 /Cu under UV irradiation, and the influence of different experimental parameters on the photocatalytic performance was investigated. The mechanism of NO 3 –N reduction by the composite catalyst was also investigated. Free radicals existing within the system were detected by ESR spectroscopy, and the results indicated thatanion free-radicals were generated by the reaction of photogenerated holes and formic acid (HCOOH). At a SiW 11 /TiO 2 /Cu dose of 1.2 g L −1  and in the presence of HCOOH as a hole scavenger, the proposed composite catalytically reduced NO 3 –N anddemonstrated significantadvantages in terms of its photocatalytic activity in comparison with pure TiO 2 . In particular, the removal efficiency of NO 3 –N and the selectivity of nitrogen achieved a maximum of 96% and 77%, respectively.

Preparation, characterization, and removal of nitrate from water using vacant polyoxometalate/TiO 2 composites