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Proso millet is a potential crop for food, nutritional security, and sustainable agriculture, particularly in the context of climate change. It is one of the traditional millet crops in cultivation in Tamil Nadu and India. Self-pollinated nature of this crop makes evolutionary process a terminal one and creating variability to broaden the genetic base is important. The objective of the study was to optimize mutagenic dose of gamma mutagen, document types of mutations and identify mutants for high grain yield (GY) and fodder yield (FY), hence to determine the feasibility of gamma mutagenesis in proso millet crop improvement. A mutation breeding program with 10 doses of gamma irradiation, i.e. 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 Gy were imposed on seeds of variety ATL 1, a popular variety in India. Roll paper method, tray method and field evaluation were carried out to determine the LD 50  and GR 50  doses. Based on viable mutation frequency in M 2  generation, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency was estimated. Targeted selection for yield and yield contributing traits was carried out in M 2 , M 3  and M 4  generation to identify high yielding mutants. The LD 50  and GR 50  doses of gamma were estimated to be 418 Gy and 542 Gy, respectively. Based on results from probit analysis, mutagenic effectiveness, mutagenic efficiency and mutation spectrum, the optimum treatment dose of gamma was concluded to be 400 Gy. High frequency, i.e. 10.96% of phenotypic mutants was identified in the M 2  generation. The broad range of mutants identified in M 2  generation had mutations for plant height, plant habit, panicle shape, compactness, and length, days to 50% flowering (DFF), lodging resistance, tillering, leaf phenotype, apiculus color, culm branching, stem and leaf hairiness, sheath pigmentation, seed color and shape and seed coat attachment. Eight high yielding mutant families were isolated in M 4  generation. The mean single plant GY and FY of these mutants ranged between 25 to 51 g and 40 to 68 g respectively while in control it was 15 g and 30 g, respectively. The wide spectrum and high frequency of mutations both for qualitative and quantitative traits suggest mutation induction as a promising method for creating novel variations in proso millet. The high yielding mutants identified can be utilized for varietal development both for grain and fodder purpose after further stability and quality evaluations in the advanced generations.

Gamma irradiation to induce beneficial mutants in proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.): an underutilized food crop