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Sensor nodes encompass the capability of controlling and monitoring the environment by measuring the factors, like temperature, pressure, and humidity. Ensuring secure routing in the network is an important and significant task in the wireless sensor network (WSN). Even though various routing protocols are adopted in the network, providing security and maintaining the energy is still a challenging issue in the research community. Thus, an effective particle-based spider monkey optimisation (P-SMO) algorithm is proposed in this research to select the optimal route to manage secure communication in WSNs. Accordingly, the network is simulated and the cluster heads (CHs) are chosen based on the efficient learning automata-based cell clustering algorithm (ELACCA) such that the routing path is established based on the chosen CHs. Thus, the proposed P-SMO algorithm establishes the secure routing path based on the factors, such as energy, delay, consistency factor, and trust. The proposed P-SMO algorithm is the integration of particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and spider monkey optimisation (SMO) algorithm in such a way that the optimal routes are defined effectively. The analysis of the proposed routing protocol proved the effective performance with the maximal number of nodes alive, coverage, energy balancing index, and the average remaining energy of 67, 93.407%, 0.7555, and 0.3402 J, respectively.

Cellular automata-based optimised routing for secure data transmission in wireless sensor networks