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This study analyzes the problems related to the integration of border regions in the EU. Existing literature on the subject presents a range of models that specify different types of border regions based on the intensity of their interactions and accounting for the causes of their development. It has been suggested that these models may help in evaluating the intensity of cross-border interaction, but such assumptions have not been empirically verified. Moreover, most of the presented models also fail to fully account for integration processes in the EU. Thus, the stages of cross-border integration defined in the literature seem insufficient. The current paper proposes a five-category model for border regions, listing the stages of integration between them: from regions that demonstrate no interaction whatsoever, to cross-border regions – covering at least two border regions – with the most intense interaction. The model has been empirically verified on the basis of selected Polish-German pairs of cities.

The Integration of Border Regions in the European Union: A Model Approach