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Objective:  This study examined the relationship between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ((ADHD)) symptoms, smartphone addiction, and poor sleep quality in university students, and identified factors affecting ADHD symptoms.  Participants:  Data were collected from 197 students from March to June 2017.  Methods:  We adopted a descriptive cross-sectional study design.  Results:  ADHD symptoms were positively correlated with smartphone addiction ( r  = .424,  p  &lt; .01) and poor sleep quality ( r  = .313,  p  &lt; .01). The regression analysis showed that academic achievement (ß =.128,  p  = .038), smartphone addiction (ß =.327,  p  &lt; .001), sleep disturbance (ß = .197,  p  = .003), and daytime dysfunction (ß = .269,  p  &lt; .001) were identified as factors significantly influencing ADHD symptoms, accounting for 31.1% of their variance.  Conclusions:  Interventions for university students with ADHD symptoms should involve the evaluation of these four factors as a multifaceted approach to reducing ADHD symptoms.

journal of american college health

Influence of smartphone addiction and poor sleep quality on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in university students: a cross-sectional study