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In the present study little explored halotolerant wall-less green alga  Dunaliella salina  was found to be a potent source of antibacterial and antifungal biomolecules. Both the target pathogens, bacteria ( Escherischia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae , and  Acinetobacter baumannii ) and fungi ( Candida albicans, C. tropicalis , and  Cryptococus  sp.) were WHO prioritized. The bioassay guided approach led us to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal lead molecule(s) from an array of compounds using spectroscopic and  in silico  studies. The methanol derived crude extract was purified  via  thin layer chromatography (TLC) using solvent system methanol: chloroform (1:19). Maximum antimicrobial activity was observed in fractions D5, D6 and D7, the components of which were then recognized using high resolution-liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (Orbitrap) (HR-LC/MS). The screened compounds were then docked with target enzymes sterol-14-alpha demethylase and OmpF porin protein. The energy scores revealed that amongst all, lariciresinol-4-O-glucoside showed better binding affinity,  in silico , using the Schrödinger Maestro 2018-1 platform. The 3-dimensional crystal structures of both the proteins were retrieved from the protein data bank (PDB), and showed binding energies of −14.35 kcal/mol, and −11.0 kcal/mol against respective drug targets. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for 100 ns, using Desmond package, Schrödinger to evaluate the conformational stability and alteration of protein-ligand complexes during the simulation. Thus, our findings confirmed that lariciresinol-4-O-glucoside, a lignan derivative and known strong antioxidant, may be used as an important “lead” molecule to be developed as antibacterial and antifungal drugs in the future. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

journal of biomolecular structure and dynamics

In silico  and  in vitro  evaluation of extract derived from  Dunaliella salina , a halotolerant microalga for its antifungal and antibacterial activity