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The biota of the brackish-water Lake Pannon in the Pannonian Basin is characterised by remarkable endemism due to the isolated evolution of the lake for 8 myr after the last Miocene marine connection ceased (∼11.6 Ma). A conspicuous feature of this endemism is the large, probably ecophenotypic variation in the morphology of brackish-water dinoflagellate cysts that challenges taxonomy and complicates biostratigraphical and ecological interpretations. We conclude that a widely debated Lake Pannon genus,  Pontiadinium , includes several proximate dinoflagellate cyst species with prominent apical and antapical protuberances, and we show how the genus differs from the morphologically similar gonyaulacacean cyst genera  Impagidinium ,  Leptodinium ,  Cribroperidinium  and  Komewuia . The generic description of  Pontiadinium  is emended together with the species descriptions of  Pontiadinium inequicornutum ,  Pontiadinium obesum  and  Pontiadinium pecsvaradanesis . A new species is described as  Pontiadinium szentaiae  sp. nov. from Našice (northern Croatia) that is characterised by unique trabeculate sutural septa formed from a beaded tegillum supported by columellae or rod-like luxuriae. The dinoflagellate cyst assemblages of the long-lived brackish-water Lake Pannon clearly demonstrate that dinoflagellate cysts in low-salinity, isolated epicontinental seas display greater morphological plasticity than their normal-marine relatives. The development of an antapical horn appears to be a previously undocumented example of phenotypic morphological features that developed in response to subnormal salinities within at least two dinoflagellate cyst genera endemic to Lake Pannon and the Post-Paratethyan seas of the Ponto-Caspian realm. This ecophenotypic variation resulted in a higher level of morphological adaptation, leading to the evolutionary development of new dinoflagellate cyst species and genera.

palynology

Revision of the endemic dinoflagellate cyst genus  Pontiadinium  Stover &amp; Evitt, 1978 from Lake Pannon and the Paratethys realm (Late Miocene–Early Pliocene, Central Europe)