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High-intensity crop-production seeking for higher grain yields increases nutrient demand by plants. A field experiment was performed in Parana State, Brazil, on a clayey Haplic Cambisol to evaluate the effects of phosphogypsum and nitrogen (N) amendments on a wheat–soybean rotation. Phosphogypsum was surface-applied to plots at 0, 2, 4, and 6 Mg ha −1  before wheat sowing and two rates of urea at 40 and 80 kg N ha −1  were applied to subplots in top dressing at tillering of wheat. Phosphogypsum improved the yield performance of wheat–soybean rotation. Wheat grain yield increased by 20% due to phosphogypsum application only when a higher rate of urea at 80 kg N ha −1  was applied in top dressing, indicating an influence of the interaction between N and sulfur (S). Soybean grain yield increased by 16% with phosphogypsum application, regardless of the urea-N rates to the previous wheat crop. Higher grain yields of wheat and soybean were related to higher levels of Ca 2+  and S in the soil profile (0–0.40 m). Although there was a slight involvement of phosphogypsum in reducing aluminum Al 3+  toxicity in the subsoil due to a reduction in Al 3+  saturation caused by increased Ca 2+  concentration, the improvements imparted by the use of phosphogypsum resulted mainly from increased S concentration. The results showed that the critical levels of SO 4 –S by 0.01 mol L −1  Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2  were 14 and 27 mg dm −3  at 0–0.20 m and 0–0.40 m depths, respectively, for the wheat–soybean cropping system.

Performance of a wheat–soybean cropping system as affected by applying phosphogypsum in combination with urea