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The perceived failure of glyphosate and paraquat to control plantain ( Plantago lanceolata  L.) has led farmers to hypothesise evolved multiple resistance to both herbicides. The objective of this study was to confirm glyphosate and paraquat resistance in putative resistant (R) populations of plantain collected from various farms, orchards and vineyards. Dose–response experiments were initiated in 2019 and repeated in 2020 using known susceptible (S) and (R) plantain populations. The results showed that, for some R populations the herbicide rate causing 50% mortality was higher than that of the S populations. Resistance to both glyphosate and paraquat was thus confirmed. However, further research on the mechanisms of resistance is necessary to better understand basic plant biochemical processes and their adaptation to xenobiotic chemicals. This will facilitate the design of novel control strategies for the herbicide resistance challenge. Other non-chemical control strategies will be necessary to control plantain R populations collected in those orchards and vineyards.

Glyphosate and paraquat resistance in putative resistant plantain ( Plantago lanceolata L.) populations collected in 21 localities