English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

This study used the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model to confirm the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in Indonesia, considering income, fossil energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, and forest moratorium and restoration policies. In the long-run, our model suggests that CO 2  emissions will continue to rise simultaneously with income, implying that the EKC hypothesis is not valid for CO 2  emissions in Indonesia. We found that fossil energy consumption has a positive effect on the rise of CO 2  emissions, whereas renewable energy consumption, forest moratoriums, and forest restoration policies have a negative impact on CO 2  emissions. This research emphasises the necessity of reducing reliance on fossil energy, increasing the use of renewable energy, and conserving Indonesia’s forests.

Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis valid on CO 2 emissions in Indonesia?